Indigenous adaptation strategies on flood by Tharu communities in Rajapur, Bardiya, Nepal

Flooding is a significant natural hazard in Nepal, particularly affecting the Terai region. The Rajapur municipality of Bardiya district is highly vulnerable to climate-induced floods. This study investigates the indigenous flood adaptation strategies employed by the Tharu community focusing on wards identified as highly vulnerable to flooding, specifically wards 1, 3, 4 (highly vulnerable) and 7, 9, 10 (very highly vulnerable) (LDCR,2022) due to their proximity to the Karnali and Geruwa rivers where previous incidents resulted in catastrophic loss and damages, ensuring that the study captures the experiences of those most affected. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, including a semi-structured questionnaire with 210 households, 30 key informant interviews with community heads (Barghar) and ward leaders, and a focus group discussion with the Sana Kisan Women’s group. The study evaluates adaptation strategies across pre-, during-, and post-flood phases, using tools like the Likert scale, weighted average index (WAI), and chi-square tests to assess effectiveness and socio-demographic influences. Key practices include building embankments with local materials like bamboo & soil, diversifying livelihoods through various crops and livestock, creating temporary shelters from wood & thatch for safety, and managing resources sustainably with techniques like crop rotation. Socio-demographic factors, such as gender, age, education, income, and proximity to rivers, significantly influence adaptation strategies in Tharu communities. Research shows that men engage in fishing and diversifying their incomes, while women focus on food security through seed preservation. Age affects practices, with older individuals relying on traditional farming methods and younger individuals combining these methods with new ideas. Education enhances the application of traditional knowledge, and income levels determine the capacity for investing in sustainable practices. Communities near rivers experience more flooding but benefit from fertile land, while those farther away grow drought-resistant crops and seek alternative livelihoods. Traditional knowledge is vital but faces challenges from resource constraints and social pressures.